pleasure.
34. All Britons are brave;
No sailors are cowards.
35. Nothing intelligible ever puzzles _me_;
Logic puzzles me.
36. Some pigs are wild;
All pigs are fat.
pg103
37. All wasps are unfriendly;
All unfriendly creatures are unwelcome.
38. No old rabbits are greedy;
All black rabbits are greedy.
39. Some eggs are hard-boiled;
No eggs are uncrackable.
40. No antelope is ungraceful;
Graceful creatures delight the eye.
41. All well-fed canaries sing loud;
No canary is melancholy if it sings loud.
42. Some poetry is original;
No original work is producible at will.
43. No country, that has been explored, is infested by dragons;
Unexplored countries are fascinating.
44. No coals are white;
No niggers are white.
45. No bridges are made of sugar;
Some bridges are picturesque.
46. No children are patient;
No impatient person can sit still.
47. No quadrupeds can whistle;
Some cats are quadrupeds.
48. Bores are terrible;
You are a bore.
49. Some oysters are silent;
No silent creatures are amusing.
50. There are no Jews in the house;
No Gentiles have beards a yard long.
51. Canaries, that do not sing loud, are unhappy;
No well-fed canaries fail to sing loud.
52. All my sisters have colds;
No one can sing who has a cold.
53. All that is made of gold is precious;
Some caskets are precious.
54. Some buns are rich;
All buns are nice.
55. All my cousins are unjust;
All judges are just.
pg104
56. Pain is wearisome;
No pain is eagerly wished for.
57. All medicine is nasty;
Senna is a medicine.
58. Some unkind remarks are annoying;
No critical remarks are kind.
59. No tall men have woolly hair;
Niggers have woolly hair.
60. All philosophers are logical;
An illogical man is always obstinate.
61. John is industrious;
All industrious people are happy.
62. These dishes are all well-cooked;
Some dishes are unwholesome if not well-cooked.
63. No exciting books suit feverish patients;
Unexciting books make one drowsy.
64. No pigs can fly;
All pigs are greedy.
65. When a man knows what he's about, he can detect a sharper;
You and I know what we're about.
66. Some dreams are terrible;
No lambs are terrible.
67. No bald creature needs a hairbrush;
No lizards have hair.
68. All battles are noisy;
What makes no noise may escape notice.
69. All my cousins are unjust;
No judges are unjust.
70. All eggs can be cracked;
Some eggs are hard-boiled.
71. Prejudiced persons are untrustworthy;
Some unprejudiced persons are disliked.
72. No dictatorial person is popular;
She is dictatorial.
73. Some bald people wear wigs;
All your children have hair.
74. No lobsters are unreasonable;
No reasonable creatures expect impossibilities.
pg105
75. No nightmare is pleasant;
Unpleasant experiences are not eagerly desired.
76. No plumcakes are wholesome;
Some wholesome things are nice.
77. Nothing that is nice need be shunned;
Some kinds of jam are nice.
78. All ducks waddle;
Nothing that waddles is graceful.
79. Sandwiches are satisfying;
Nothing in this dish is unsatisfying.
80. No rich man begs in the street;
Those who are not rich should keep accounts.
81. Spiders spin webs;
Some creatures, that do not spin webs, are savage.
82. Some of these shops are not crowded;
No crowded shops are comfortable.
83. Prudent travelers carry plenty of small change;
Imprudent travelers lose their luggage.
84. Some geraniums are red;
All these flowers are red.
85. None of my cousins are just;
All judges are just.
86. No Jews are mad;
All my lodgers are Jews.
87. Busy folk are not always talking about their grievances;
Discontented folk are always talking about their grievances.
88. None of my cousins are just;
No judges are unjust.
89. All teetotalers like sugar;
No nightingale drinks wine.
90. No riddles interest me if they can be solved;
All these riddles are insoluble.
91. All clear explanations are satisfactory;
Some excuses are unsatisfactory.
92. All elderly ladies are talkative;
All good-tempered ladies are talkative.
93. No kind deed is unlawful;
What is lawful may be done without scruple.
pg106
94. No babies are studious;
No babies are good violinists.
95. All shillings are round;
All these coins are round.
96. No honest men cheat;
No dishonest men are trustworthy.
97. None of my boys are clever;
None of my girls are greedy.
98. All jokes are meant to amuse;
No Act of Parliament is a joke.
99. No eventful tour is ever forgotten;
Uneventful tours are not worth writing a book about.
100. All my boys are disobedient;
All my girls are discontented.
101. No unexpected pleasure annoys me;
Your visit is an unexpected pleasure.
§ 6. EX6
_Trios of Abstract Propositions, proposed as Syllogisms: to be
examined._
1. Some x are m; No m are y'. Some x are y.
2. All x are m; No y are m'. No y are x'.
3. Some x are m'; All y' are m. Some x are y.
4. All x are m; No y are m. All x are y'.
5. Some m' are x'; No m' are y. Some x' are y'.
6. No x' are m; All y are m'. All y are x'.
7. Some m' are x'; All y' are m'. Some x' are y'.
8. No m' are x'; All y' are m'. All y' are x.
9. Some m are x'; No m are y. Some x' are y'.
10. All m' are x'; All m' are y. Some y are x'.
11. All x are m'; Some y are m. Some y are x'.
12. No x are m; No m' are y'. No x are y'.
13. No x are m; All y' are m. All y' are x'.
14. All m' are x'; All m' are y. Some y are x'.
15. Some m are x'; All y are m'. Some x' are y'.
16. No x' are m; All y' are m'. Some y' are x.
17. No m' are x; All m' are y'. Some x' are y'.
pg107
18. No x' are m; Some m are y. Some x are y.
19. Some m are x; All m are y. Some y are x'.
20. No x' are m'; Some m' are y'. Some x are y'.
21. No m are x; All m are y'. Some x' are y'.
22. All x' are m; Some y are m'. All x' are y'.
23. All m are x; No m' are y'. No x' are y'.
24. All x are m'; All m' are y. All x are y.
25. No x are m'; All m are y. No x are y'.
26. All m are x'; All y are m. All y are x'.
27. All x are m; No m are y'. All x are y.
28. All x are m; No y' are m'. All x are y.
29. No x' are m; No m' are y'. No x' are y'.
30. All x are m; All m are y'. All x are y'.
31. All x' are m'; No y' are m'. All x' are y.
32. No x are m; No y' are m'. No x are y'.
33. All m are x'; All y' are m. All y' are x'.
34. All x are m'; Some y are m'. Some y are x.
35. Some x are m; All m are y. Some x are y.
36. All m are x'; All y are m. All y are x'.
37. No m are x'; All m are y'. Some x are y'.
38. No x are m; No m are y'. No x are y'.
39. No m are x; Some m are y'. Some x' are y'.
40. No m are x'; Some y are m. Some x are y.
§ 7. EX7
_Trios of Concrete Propositions, proposed as Syllogisms: to be
examined._
1. No doctors are enthusiastic;
You are enthusiastic.
You are not a doctor.
2. Dictionaries are useful;
Useful books are valuable.
Dictionaries are valuable.
3. No misers are unselfish;
None but misers save egg-shells.
No unselfish people save egg-shells.
4. Some epicures are ungenerous;
All my uncles are generous.
My uncles are not epicures.
pg108
5. Gold is heavy;
Nothing but gold will silence him.
Nothing light will silence him.
6. Some healthy people are fat;
No unhealthy people are strong.
Some fat people are not strong.
7. "I saw it in a newspaper."
"All newspapers tell lies."
It was a lie.
8. Some cravats are not artistic;
I admire anything artistic.
There are some cravats that I do not admire.
9. His songs never last an hour;
A song, that lasts an hour, is tedious.
His songs are never tedious.
10. Some candles give very little light;
Candles are _meant_ to give light.
Some things, that are meant to give light, give very little.
11. All, who are anxious to learn, work hard;
Some of these boys work hard.
Some of these boys are anxious to learn.
12. All lions are fierce;
Some lions do not drink coffee.
Some creatures that drink coffee are not fierce.
13. No misers are generous;
Some old men are ungenerous.
Some old men are misers.
14. No fossil can be crossed in love;
An oyster may be crossed in love.
Oysters are not fossils.
15. All uneducated people are shallow;
Students are all educated.
No students are shallow.
16. All young lambs jump;
No young animals are healthy, unless they jump.
All young lambs are healthy.
17. Ill-managed business is unprofitable;
Railways are never ill-managed.
All railways are profitable.
18. No Professors are ignorant;
All ignorant people are vain.
No professors are vain.
pg109
19. A prudent man shuns hyænas;
No banker is imprudent.
No banker fails to shun hyænas.
20. All wasps are unfriendly;
No puppies are unfriendly.
Puppies are not wasps.
21. No Jews are honest;
Some Gentiles are rich.
Some rich people are dishonest.
22. No idlers win fame;
Some painters are not idle.
Some painters win fame.
23. No monkeys are soldiers;
All monkeys are mischievous.
Some mischievous creatures are not soldiers.
24. All these bonbons are chocolate-creams;
All these bonbons are delicious.
Chocolate-creams are delicious.
25. No muffins are wholesome;
All buns are unwholesome.
Buns are not muffins.
26. Some unauthorised reports are false;
All authorised reports are trustworthy.
Some false reports are not trustworthy.
27. Some pillows are soft;
No pokers are soft.
Some pokers are not pillows.
28. Improbable stories are not easily believed;
None of his stories are probable.
None of his stories are easily believed.
29. No thieves are honest;
Some dishonest people are found out.
Some thieves are found out.
30. No muffins are wholesome;
All puffy food is unwholesome.
All muffins are puffy.
31. No birds, except peacocks, are proud of their tails;
Some birds, that are proud of their tails, cannot sing.
Some peacocks cannot sing.
32. Warmth relieves pain;
Nothing, that does not relieve pain, is useful in toothache.
Warmth is useful in toothache.
pg110
33. No bankrupts are rich;
Some merchants are not bankrupts.
Some merchants are rich.
34. Bores are dreaded;
No bore is ever begged to prolong his visit.
No one, who is dreaded, is ever begged to prolong his visit.
35. All wise men walk on their feet;
All unwise men walk on their hands.
No man walks on both.
36. No wheelbarrows are comfortable;
No uncomfortable vehicles are popular.
No wheelbarrows are popular.
37. No frogs are poetical;
Some ducks are unpoetical.
Some
